Competitive elections
Based on the classification and assessment by Skaaning et al. (2015). Elections are considered competitive here if the outcome is uncertain because their timing is notviolated, voters are not systematically coerced, and election fraud is not consequential.
All our related research and data
Charts
- Access to justice for menRegimes of the World
- Access to justice for womenRegimes of the World
- Age of democracyBoix et al.
- Age of democracyBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Age of democracyPolity
- Age of electoral democracyRegimes of the World
- Age of electoral democracyLexical Index
- Age of liberal democracyRegimes of the World
- Age of polyarchyLexical Index
- Basic state functions scoreBTI
- Child mortality rate vs. electoral democracy
- Citizen satisfaction with democracy
- Citizen support for democracy
- Civil liberties indexEIU
- Civil liberties ratingFreedom House
- Civil liberties scoreFreedom House
- Civil rights scoreBTI
- Civil society participation indexV-Dem
- Common good justifications scoreV-Dem
- Competitiveness of executive recruitment scorePolity
- Competitiveness of political participation scorePolity
- Constraints on the executive scorePolity
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World, including ambiguous regimes
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesLexical Index
- Countries that are democracies and autocraciesBTI
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al.
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesFreedom House
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesPolity 5
- Countries that are democracies and non-democraciesEIU
- Countries that are democratizing and autocratizingEpisodes of Regime Transformation
- Countries that are long-standing democraciesBoix et al.
- Countries that are long-standing democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Countries that are long-standing democraciesPolity
- Countries that are long-standing electoral democraciesRegimes of the World
- Countries that are long-standing electoral democraciesLexical Index
- Countries that are long-standing liberal democraciesRegimes of the World
- Countries that are long-standing polyarchiesLexical Index
- Countries with universal right to vote
- Deliberative democracyV-Dem
- Deliberative democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Deliberative political institutions indexV-Dem
- DemocracyEIU
- DemocracyEIU, weighted by population
- Democracy indexPolity
- Democracy indexPolity, weighted by population
- Democratic culture indexEIU
- Democratic electoral institutionsFreedom House
- Democratic featuresBTI
- Democratic featuresBTI, weighted by population
- Direct popular voting indexV-Dem
- Distribution of deliberative democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Distribution of deliberative democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of democracyPolity, weighted by population
- Distribution of democracyEIU, weighted by population
- Distribution of democracyEIU
- Distribution of democracyPolity
- Distribution of democratic featuresBTI
- Distribution of democratic featuresBTI, weighted by population
- Distribution of egalitarian democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Distribution of egalitarian democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of electoral democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of electoral democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Distribution of liberal democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Distribution of liberal democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of participatory democracyV-Dem
- Distribution of participatory democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Effective power to govern scoreBTI
- Egalitarian democracyV-Dem
- Egalitarian democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Egalitarian political institutions indexV-Dem
- Elected political leaders index
- Election voter turnout rate by age in the United States
- Elections for government's chief executiveLexical Index
- Elections for legislatureLexical Index
- Electoral democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Electoral democracyLexical Index
- Electoral democracyRegimes of the World
- Electoral democracy indexV-Dem
- Electoral democracy today vs. past average years of schooling
- Electoral pluralism indexEIU
- Elite consultations scoreV-Dem
- Engaged society scoreV-Dem
- Equal access to power indexV-Dem
- Equal resource distribution indexV-Dem
- Equal rights protection indexV-Dem
- Experience with democracyBoix et al.
- Experience with democracyBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Experience with democracyPolity
- Experience with electoral democracyRegimes of the World
- Experience with electoral democracyLexical Index
- Experience with liberal democracyRegimes of the World
- Experience with polyarchyLexical Index
- Free and fair electionsRegimes of the World
- Free and fair elections indexV-Dem
- Free and fair elections scoreBTI
- Free countries and territoriesFreedom House
- Freedom of association indexV-Dem
- Freedom of association scoreBTI
- Freedom of expression indexV-Dem
- Freedom of expression scoreBTI
- Functioning government indexEIU
- GDP per capita vs. electoral democracy
- Government effectiveness vs. liberal democracy
- Human rights index vs. electoral democracy index
- Individual liberties and equality before the law index
- Judicial constraints on the executive index
- Justified political positions scoreV-Dem
- Legislative constraints on the executive index
- Liberal democracyV-Dem
- Liberal democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Liberal democracyRegimes of the World
- Liberal political institutionsRegimes of the World
- Liberal political institutions index
- Life expectancy vs. liberal democracy
- Meaningful democratic electoral institutionsRegimes of the World
- Men's universal right to voteLexical Index
- Multi-party electionsRegimes of the World
- Multi-party elections for government's chief executiveRegimes of the World
- Multi-party elections for legislatureRegimes of the World
- Number of democracies by ageBoix et al.
- Number of democracies by ageBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Number of democracies by agePolity
- Number of electoral democracies by ageRegimes of the World
- Number of electoral democracies by ageLexical Index
- Number of liberal democracies by ageRegimes of the World
- Number of polyarchies by ageLexical Index
- Openness of executive recruitment scorePolity
- Participatory democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Participatory democracyV-Dem
- Participatory political institutions indexV-Dem
- People living in countries with universal right to vote
- People living in democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World
- People living in democracies and autocraciesRegimes of the World, including ambiguous regimes
- People living in democracies and autocraciesLexical Index
- People living in democracies and autocraciesBTI
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesPolity IV
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al.
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesFreedom House
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesPolity
- People living in democracies and non-democraciesEIU
- People living in democratizing and autocratizing countriesEpisodes of Regime Transformation
- People living in free countries and territoriesFreedom House
- People living in long-standing democraciesBoix et al.
- People living in long-standing democraciesBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- People living in long-standing democraciesPolity
- People living in long-standing electoral democraciesRegimes of the World
- People living in long-standing electoral democraciesLexical Index
- People living in long-standing liberal democraciesRegimes of the World
- People living in long-standing polyarchiesLexical Index
- Political and social integration indexBTI
- Political libertiesLexical Index
- Political oppositionLexical Index
- Political participation indexBTI
- Political regimeRegimes of the World
- Political regimeBoix et al.
- Political regimeRegimes of the World, including ambiguous regimes
- Political regimeBoix et al., including women's right to vote
- Political regimeFreedom House, free countries
- Political regimeFreedom House, electoral democracies
- Political regimeLexical Index
- Political regimePolity
- Political regimeBTI
- Political regimeEIU
- Political regimeEpisodes of Regime Transformation
- Political rights ratingFreedom House
- Political rights scoreFreedom House
- PolyarchyLexical Index
- Regulation of political participation scorePolity
- Respect for counterarguments scoreV-Dem
- Rule of law indexBTI
- Separation of powers scoreBTI
- Share of adult citizens who have the right to vote
- Stability of democratic institutions indexBTI
- Stateness indexBTI
- Strong elected local governments indexV-Dem
- Strong elected regional governments indexV-Dem
- Taxation vs. electoral democracy
- Transparent lawsRegimes of the World
- Universal right to voteLexical Index
- Varieties of democracyV-Dem, weighted by population
- Varieties of democracyV-Dem
- Voter turnout
- Women's political empowerment index vs. electoral democracy index
- Women's universal right to voteLexical Index