Our World
in Data

Computation used to train notable AI systems, by affiliation of researchers

Computation is measured in total petaFLOP, which is 10¹⁵ floating-point operations.

Publication dateJul 2, 1950Apr 19, 1965Dec 27, 1978Sep 4, 1992May 14, 2006Jan 21, 2020Trainingcompute(petaFLOP)TheseusTheseusPerceptron Mark IPerceptron Mark INeocognitronNeocognitronBack-propagationBack-propagationSystem 11System 11Decision tree (classification)Decision tree (classification)MitosisMitosisLibratusLibratusM6-TM6-TAffiliationAcademiaCollaborationCollaboration, majority industryIndustryResearch collectiveOther
OurWorldInData.org/artificial-intelligence •

Source: Epoch (2023)

Note: A research collective is a group of AI researchers who are not organized under an academic or industry affiliation; e.g., EleutherAI. Computation is estimated based on published results in the AIliterature and comes with some uncertainty. The authors expect most of these estimates to be correct within a factor of 2, and a factor of 5 for recent models for which relevant numbers were not disclosed,such as GPT-4.

Jul 2, 1950
May 10, 2023

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