On any average day 830 women die from pregnancy-related causes.1
If all countries had the maternal mortality rate of the places with the best health, 300,000 fewer women would die each year – as I previously showed. Most of these deaths are preventable, as the World Health Organization (WHO) highlights.
A world where very few women die from pregnancy is possible. But how do we get there?
An obvious answer is to make all countries rich: all rich countries have very low maternal mortality rates. We see this in the visualization, which plots the maternal mortality rate (on the y-axis) against GDP per capita (on the x-axis).
But even if this correlation would should causation and it was the case that high incomes are the sole driver of low maternal mortality, this solution would come with two big problems: it is very difficult to make a poor country rich and economic growth is slow – it takes many decades for poor countries to become rich.
Let’s take the comparison of Rwanda and the UK as an example. The average GDP per capita in Rwanda is $1845 while it is $40,000 in the UK (see here). To increase incomes from the level of today’s Rwanda ($1845) to its current level ($40,000) took the UK more than 250 years.2 This works out at an average growth rate of 1.2% per year.3
Even if we take Rwanda’s comparatively fast rate of economic growth – an average of 4.5% per year from 2010 to 2017 – it would still take 70 years to reach the UK’s average income today.4
What else can we do than to wait for poor countries to grow rich before they can stop young mothers from dying?
While income matters, clearly there’s more to it – we see this from the very same chart: If income was the only aspect that mattered, all countries would lie on a single diagonal line in the scatterplot. Instead, there is a large spread in rates of maternal mortality at every level of income.
Look along the $10,000 income line, for example: in Egypt 33 of every 100,000 births results in the death of the mother; this is four times lower than in equally rich Indonesia and eight times lower than in Namibia, which also has a GDP per capita of around $10,000.
As my colleague Max Roser explains in his companion article, we see these differences for countries of the same level of income across many aspects of living conditions.
Which countries have low levels of maternal mortality given their income level? From the scatterplot we can identify at:
- Low income: Nepal, Rwanda and Ethiopia.
- Despite being poorer, maternal mortality in Rwanda is 3 times lower than in Chad.
- Middle income: Egypt, Ukraine, Moldova and Tajikistan.
- Despite being slightly poorer, maternal mortality in Moldova is 35 times lower than in Nigeria.
- High income: Poland, Belarus and Greece.
- Despite having similar incomes, maternal mortality is more than 13 times lower in Poland than in Malaysia.
One opportunity to reduce maternal deaths is therefore to learn from countries which have performed very well given their income or development circumstances. These countries are referred to as Exemplars.
By identifying them we can try to better understand why they perform so well, and if other countries can learn from them and then adopt a similar approach. This is the concept behind the newly-launched Exemplars in Global Health platform. This new research publication was prepared over the course of several years and we at Our World in Data have contributed to it since the early days. Now the platform has just launched at www.exemplars.health.
Which countries have achieved the fastest decline in maternal mortality?
If we want to identify countries we can learn from, we’re not only interested in countries that have low maternal mortality today but those that have achieved a fast reduction over time.
This slope chart shows the change in maternal mortality in each country from 1990 to 2015.
For example, Australia has a value of -25% because its maternal mortality rate fell by 25% – from 8 to 6 deaths per 100,000 – from 1990 to 2015. The Philippines also achieved a reduction of 25%, starting from 150, meaning a reduction of around 35 deaths per 100,000. Countries with a positive value saw a rise in mortality over this period.
The countries which achieved the largest decline are found at the bottom of the chart. Globally, the Maldives achieved the greatest reduction: the maternal mortality ratio declined by 90% from 677 to 68 deaths per 100,000 live births – a very impressive achievement.
The following six are Belarus, Kazakhstan, Bhutan, Cambodia, Cape Verde, and Turkey. They all reduced maternal mortality by over 80% throughout just one generation.
You can find the five countries which achieved the greatest reduction in each region in the accompanying footnote.5
Which countries have delivered the most efficient decline in maternal mortality?
Many of the countries that achieved a large reduction in maternal mortality also achieved strong economic growth over this period. Maternal mortality fell as countries got richer.
This comparison is not helpful for for poor countries that struggle to achieve: these countries need to understand effective interventions beyond economic growth. For them it is helpful to learn from countries which have managed to convert even small increases in prosperity into much better health.6
In the visualization we can see the average annual change in maternal mortality (on the y-axis) in comparison with the annual change in GDP per capita (on the x-axis). Here, the countries which lie close to the 0% line on the x-axis but close to the bottom of the chart are the Exemplars. They achieved much better health with very little economic growth.
The Maldives stands out once again. It did not only achieve the largest reduction, but they did this during a time of only modest growth in incomes – it increased by just over 2% per year on average.7
The Maldives – clearly – is an Exemplar when it comes to reducing maternal deaths.
What then can other countries learn from the Maldives? What did they do right?
The Maldives Health Strategy and research by the WHO gives insights in what to learn from their example. What they emphasize is that investments and policies geared towards maternal and child health have been a primary focus for the Maldives.8
More than 95% of births are now attended by skilled health staff. What has been particularly important is how rapidly the number of nurses and midwives has increased: The share of nurses and midwives among the population increased 12-fold since 1991; from less than one per 1,000 people in 1991 to more than 8 per 1,000 (this is more than four times the average in South Asia; and comparable to many countries across Europe).
The health ministry also introduced an in-depth review process which assessed the specific cause of all maternal deaths, helping health officials understand why women were dying and what could be done to prevent it.9
Also important have been interventions and policies geared towards nutrition: all pregnant women receive appropriate supplementation (such as iron and folic acid) at antenatal appointments.10 This has reduced nutritional deficiencies which are a key contributor to conditions such as anemia – a complication particularly prevalent in pregnant women. The share of women of reproductive age with anemia fell from 69% to 43% from 1990 to 2016.
Belarus, Kazakhstan, Cambodia and Turkey also show that only relatively modest increases in income can be turned into large improvements in maternal health.
Accountability and success stories: how ‘exemplars’ drive change
Is there any evidence that this approach of identifying ‘exemplars’ can be effective in driving change in practice?
Zambia’s recent success suggests that it is possible. Following a rise in maternal mortality from 577 to 598 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births over the 1990s, Zambia achieved an impressive decline to 224 per 100,000 in 2015.
Alice Evans (2017) sought to investigate how this was made possible.11
She identified an exemplar-like mechanism as a crucial political tool to bring this change about: a comparison of Zambia to other countries revealed that the country was falling behind; its maternal mortality rates were higher than many of its neighbours.
Her research explains that pointing out that Zambia had fallen behind increased political pressure on the government. The Zambian Ministry of Health responded by attempting to emulate the progress of neighbouring countries – especially those that had seen the greatest improvements.
What has been pivotal in Zambia’s progress was the prioritization of maternal health through the introduction of dedicated national programmes, including: a programme to strengthen Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care; the introduction of in-depth reviews of the causes of maternal deaths in all districts; increased funding and specialized budgets for maternal healthcare and training of nurses and midwives; and the compulsory inclusion of maternal healthcare plans in every district.
It seems promising to try to replicate this mechanism across other countries. Using this approach we can identify Exemplars and then learn from them. In maternal mortality, there are many examples to build on; if we can adopt them at-scale there is the potential to save millions of mothers in the years to come.
