Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and other illicit drugs

Hannah Ritchie; Pablo Arriagada; Max Roser

Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and other illicit drugs

by Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Arriagada and Max Roser

Reuse our work freely Cite this research

Illicit drugs are drugs that have been prohibited under international drug control treaties.¹

International statistics typically focus on four different groups of illicit drugs: opioids, cocaine, cannabis, and amphetamines. However, a range of other illicit drugs is included in international drug control treaties, including plant-based drugs and synthetic hallucinogens. The UNODC’s publication “Terminology and Information on Drugs”² contains a comprehensive list of illicit drugs.

Excess consumption or dependency on illicit drugs can impact overall health, mental well-being, and in many cases, the well-being of others. Not all illicit drugs have similar impacts on health and well-being: some cause much less harm than others.

On this page, you can find a list of key insights as well as a list of visualizations on illicit drug use. This provides a global overview of illicit drug use, dependency disorders, and some of their impacts.

Key insights on Illicit drug use

People can die directly or indirectly from drug use

People can die from illicit drug use in several ways.

The first is that the use of illicit drugs at any point in someone’s life can act as an indirect risk factor for premature death from disease or injury.

The second is that illicit drugs can result in direct deaths from drug dependency and overdoses.

The chart shows us that hundreds of thousands die indirectly or directly from illicit drug use each year.

What you should know about this data

These estimates come from the Global Burden of Disease study published annually by the Institute for Health Metrics (IHME). This is currently one of the few sources that produces global-level estimates across most countries on the prevalence and disease burden of substance use disorders.
There are large differences in the quality and availability of data across the world. While high-quality data in richer countries often exists, data on illicit drug use in poorer countries is often limited. The IHME Global Burden of Disease attempts to fill these gaps, but these estimates come with a high level of uncertainty. This is therefore also true for all global figures.
The IHME’s definition of a substance use disorder is based on the WHO’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Substance use disorders include alcohol and all illicit drugs (whether prescribed or otherwise) including opioids, cocaine, amphetamine, and cannabis. They do not include smoking.
The data presented here is for illicit drug use only. It does not include alcohol, or smoking, which we cover separately in our pages on Alcohol consumption and Smoking.
Illicit drugs include pharmaceutical drugs – such as heroin and other opioids and benzodiazepines; plant-based drugs – such as cocaine and cannabis; and synthetic drugs – such as amphetamines.

Opioids were responsible for the largest number of drug deaths

An overdose is taking a toxic (poisonous) quantity of a substance, regardless of whether it is a prescription, legal, or illegal drug. This can be intentional, but can also result from ‘poisoning’ where substances have been altered or mixed, such that the user is unaware of the drug’s potency.

Globally, more than 100,000 people die from drug overdoses every year.

Most of these deaths are the result of opioid overdoses. Opioid deaths have risen steeply in recent years – most notably in the United States.

Opioids are used in prescription drugs and pain-relievers – such as OxyContin and Vicodin – in synthetic opioids such as fentanyl; or drugs such as heroin.

In their review, MacLean et al. (2021) provide a detailed analysis on the rise in opioid deaths.³

They describe the crisis as evolving in three phases, over several decades from the 1990s. The first phase involved an increase in the use of prescribed opioids as a result of lenient regulations on prescriptions and marketing by pharmaceuticals. The second phase involved a tightening of these restrictions alongside a shift in drug use towards heroin. The third phase – since 2013 – has seen a shift towards synthetic opioids including fentanyl. This has also involved a significant increase in treatment services.

What you should know about this data

These estimates come from the Global Burden of Disease study published annually by the Institute for Health Metrics (IHME). This is currently one of the few sources that produces global-level estimates across most countries on the prevalence and disease burden of substance use disorders.
There are large differences in the quality and availability of data across the world. While high-quality data in richer countries often exists, data on illicit drug use in poorer countries is often limited. The IHME Global Burden of Disease attempts to fill these gaps, but these estimates come with a high level of uncertainty. This is therefore also true for all global figures.

Deaths drug overdoses 0dca9ae58a69f46c9e7f015378697aea v15 850x600

Opioid deaths in the US have risen steeply in recent years

Death rates from illicit drugs are highest in the United States. A large driver of this has been a steep rise in opioid deaths over the last decade.

In the chart, we see death rates in the United States from overdoses of different drugs. Since 2010, death rates from opioids have more than tripled.

In 2017, the US Department of Health and Human Services declared the opioid crisis a public emergency.

What you should know about this data

This data comes from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s WONDER programme.
An overdose is taking a toxic (poisonous) quantity of a substance, regardless of whether it is a prescription, legal, or illegal drug. This can be intentional, but can also result from ‘poisoning’ where substances have been altered or mixed, such that the user is unaware of the drug’s potency.
Death rates are measured as the number of people that die from overdoses per 100,000 people in the population. Unlike data from the IHME, these are ‘crude death rates’ that are not age-standardized.

The US has the highest death rates from opioids and illicit drugs

Opioids are responsible for the largest number of overdose deaths globally.

Death rates from illicit drugs are the highest in the United States. This is largely the result of a steep rise in opioid deaths in recent years.

This chart shows death rates from opioid overdoses, measured as the number of deaths per 100,000 people in the population.⁴

This is not only the case for opioids: the US also has the highest death rate from amphetamine and cocaine overdoses.

Amphetamine use disorder death rate

Cocaine use disorder death rate

What you should know about this data

Death rates are measured as the number of people that die from overdoses per 100,000 people in the population. Since the age and structure of populations will differ between countries and will change over time, death rates have been age-standardized. This means they assume the structure of the population is the same across countries, and over time.
These estimates come from the Global Burden of Disease study published annually by the Institute for Health Metrics (IHME). This is currently one of the few sources that produces global-level estimates across most countries on the prevalence and disease burden of substance use disorders.
There are large differences in the quality and availability of data across the world. While high-quality data in richer countries often exists, data on illicit drug use in poorer countries is often limited. The IHME Global Burden of Disease attempts to fill these gaps, but these estimates come with a high level of uncertainty. This is therefore also true for all global figures.

Just under 1% of the world has an illicit drug dependency

It’s estimated that just under 1% of the world population had some form of drug dependency – excluding alcohol and tobacco.

This chart shows estimates of the share of the population with an addiction or dependency on any form of illicit drug.

As you can see, there are large differences in drug dependency across countries, with some – such as the United States and Canada – having several times the global average.

What you should know about this data

These estimates come from the Global Burden of Disease study published annually by the Institute for Health Metrics (IHME). This is currently one of the few sources that produces global-level estimates across most countries on the prevalence and disease burden of substance use disorders.
There are large differences in the quality and availability of data across the world. While high-quality data in richer countries often exists, data on illicit drug use in poorer countries is often limited. The IHME Global Burden of Disease attempts to fill these gaps, but these estimates come with a high level of uncertainty. This is therefore also true for all global figures.
The IHME’s definition of a substance use disorder is based on the WHO’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Substance use disorders include alcohol and all illicit drugs (whether prescribed or otherwise) including opioids, cocaine, amphetamine, and cannabis. They do not include smoking.
The data presented here is for illicit drug use only. It does not include alcohol, or smoking, which we cover separately in our pages on Alcohol consumption and Smoking.
Illicit drugs include pharmaceutical drugs – such as heroin and other opioids and benzodiazepines; plant-based drugs – such as cocaine and cannabis; and synthetic drugs – such as amphetamines.

Click to open interactive version

Men are more likely to have a drug dependency

There are significant sex differences in the likelihood that someone develops an illicit drug dependency.

In the chart, we see the share of men that have a dependency on any type of illicit drug (on the y-axis) versus the share of women that do (on the x-axis). The grey line shows us where the rates in men and women would be equal.

Almost every country lies above the grey line. This means that drug use disorder rates are higher in men than they are in women in almost all countries in the world.

What you should know about this data

These estimates come from the Global Burden of Disease study published annually by the Institute for Health Metrics (IHME). This is currently one of the few sources that produces global-level estimates across most countries on the prevalence and disease burden of substance use disorders.
There are large differences in the quality and availability of data across the world. While high-quality data in richer countries often exists, data on illicit drug use in poorer countries is often limited. The IHME Global Burden of Disease attempts to fill these gaps, but these estimates come with a high level of uncertainty. This is therefore also true for all global figures.
The IHME’s definition of a substance use disorder is based on the WHO’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Substance use disorders include alcohol and all illicit drugs (whether prescribed or otherwise) including opioids, cocaine, amphetamine, and cannabis. They do not include smoking.
The data presented here is for illicit drug use only. It does not include alcohol, or smoking, which we cover separately in our pages on Alcohol consumption and Smoking.
Illicit drugs include pharmaceutical drugs – such as heroin and other opioids and benzodiazepines; plant-based drugs – such as cocaine and cannabis; and synthetic drugs – such as amphetamines.

Prevalence of drug use disorders males vs females v26 850x600

Interactive charts on Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and other illicit drugs

Endnotes

Babor, Caulkins, and Edwards (2010) – Drug policy and the public good. Oxford University Press.
United Nations International Drug Control Programme. Laboratory Section. (2016). Terminology and information on drugs: third edition. United Nations Publications.
Maclean, J. C., Mallatt, J., Ruhm, C. J., & Simon, K. (2021). Economic studies on the opioid crisis: A review. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Note that these figures are age-standardized (which means they assume a constant age structure of the population over time) whereas the previous key insight showed figures that were not age-standardized.

Cite this work

Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. This topic page can be cited as:

Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Arriagada and Max Roser (2022) - "Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and other illicit drugs". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://staging-owid.netlify.app/illicit-drug-use' [Online Resource]

BibTeX citation

@article{owidillicitdruguse,
    author = {Hannah Ritchie and Pablo Arriagada and Max Roser},
    title = {Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and other illicit drugs},
    journal = {Our World in Data},
    year = {2022},
    note = {https://staging-owid.netlify.app/illicit-drug-use}
}

Reuse this work freely

All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.

The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution.

All of our charts can be embedded in any site.